B. Second Conclusion

18. The second conclusion that needs to be made clear is that all sacraments were instituted for the time of this law by Christ or God as first author.

19. This I show in brief, because the point will become clear about the individual sacraments in the places proper to them.

As to baptism it is plain it was instituted by Christ while alive, because his disciples baptized, as is clear in John 3.22, and a precept was given that it be publicly preached and carried out, Matthew 28.19, “Go and teach all nations, baptizing them etc.” 20. As to the Eucharist the long discourse in John 6.26-60 makes it plain, and Matthew 26.26-28 is about its institution at the Last Supper.

21. As to confirmation, its institution is plain in John 20.22-23, when Christ breathed on the disciples and said, “Receive the Holy Spirit,” or on the day of Pentecost, Acts 2.1-41.

22. As to penance, it is said [by several doctors] that it was instituted in James 5.16, “Confess your sins one to another     etc .” But this does not seem likely because of the way the text proceeds, “pray for one another etc .;” and it is clear that in these following words he was not intending to institute or promulgate any sacrament; nor even did James have the authority to institute a sacrament (as will be touched on in the argument to be set down for this conclusion [n.26]). It is better, therefore     , to say it was instituted in John 20.22-23 , “Receive the Holy Spirit; whose sins you remit etc.,” and was promised in Matthew 16.19, “I will give you the keys of the Kingdom of heaven etc.” For this power was not principally that of remitting sins (which is proper to God) but of judging about the remission of sins, a judgement of approval accepted by God; for to judge in this way is to bind and loose in the penitential forum.

23. As to extreme unction, it is said [by some doctors] that it was instituted in James 5.14-15, “There are some sick among you     etc .” But although this sacrament was promulgated there, it is better to say it was instituted by Christ; for we read in Mark 6.13 that the Apostles anointed many sick with oil who were cured, and it is clear that they did this only in virtue of Christ, who had instituted that powerful anointing.

24. Matrimony is plain in Matthew 19.4-5, “Have you not read,” says Christ, “that male and female he made them,” and he said [through the mouth of Adam, Genesis 2.24], “therefore      a man will leave etc.” Here Christ approves and ratifies what God made public through the mouth of Adam in the state of innocence.

25. About orders there is Matthew 26 [Luke 22.19], “Do this in memory of me,” and John 20.23, “Whose sins you remit etc.” For these two acts belong to the sacerdotal order, namely power with respect to the true body of Christ and power with respect to the mystical body of Christ, as will be said in the discussion of orders [Ord. IV d.24 nn.2, 9].

26. Now that all these were instituted by God alone is plain from what was touched on in general about the institution of a sacrament [d.1 nn.240-241]. For to institute a certain and practical sign belongs to someone only in respect of his own proper act or in respect of another who is subject to him as to that act; but a sacrament is a practical and certain sign with respect to an effect proper to God, and God cannot be subject to another in an act proper to himself;     therefore etc     .